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Two chemicals commonly used to make plastics more flexible have been linked to nearly 2 million premature births and about 74,000 newborn deaths worldwide in 2018, according to a new study.
A baby is considered premature if born before 37 weeks of pregnancy. Health experts warn that babies who survive premature birth may face serious complications, including breathing difficulties, developmental delays, and long-term health problems.
The chemicals—di-2-ethylhexylphthalate (DEHP) and diisononyl phthalate (DiNP)—belong to a class of synthetic substances called phthalates. These chemicals are known to disrupt the body’s hormone system, a process called endocrine disruption, and have been linked to developmental, reproductive, and immune-related issues.
“Even small disruptions in hormones can have significant biological effects,” said Leonardo Trasande, a senior author of the study.
Phthalates are often referred to as “everywhere chemicals” because they are widely found in everyday products such as food packaging, children’s toys, personal care items, medical equipment, perfumes, deodorants, nail polish, and plastic food wraps.
Previous research has connected phthalates to reproductive issues, lower testosterone levels, obesity, asthma, cardiovascular disease, and cancer. A 2021 study suggested they may contribute to thousands of premature deaths annually among middle-aged adults. Scientists believe phthalates may increase the risk of preterm birth by disrupting placental function, which is vital for supplying oxygen and nutrients to a developing fetus.
The study, published in eClinicalMedicine, analyzed data from 200 countries and territories. It found that regions such as Africa, the Middle East, and South Asia carry the highest burden, partly due to rising plastic use and waste.
Experts caution that the findings do not prove phthalates directly cause premature birth, but they add to growing evidence that these chemicals may pose significant health risks.
While phthalates leave the body relatively quickly, reducing exposure can still help. Experts recommend:
- Choosing products labeled “phthalate-free”
- Avoiding heating food in plastic containers
- Improving indoor ventilation
- Regularly cleaning to reduce contaminated dust
However, researchers stress that individual efforts alone are not enough. Stronger regulations, safer product design, and improved environmental oversight are needed to reduce widespread exposure to harmful chemicals.
